Caring for Every Child’s Mental Health Campaign
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The Caring for Every Child’s Mental Health communications campaign is a national public information and education campaign to:
? Increase public awareness about the importance of protecting and nurturing the mental health of young people.
? Foster recognition that many children have mental health problems that are real, painful, and sometimes severe.
? Encourage caregivers to seek early, appropriate treatment and services.
The campaign helps families, educators, health care providers, and young people recognize mental health problems and to seek or recommend appropriate services. It also strives to reduce the stigma associated with mental health problems.
The campaign is a technical assistance program for the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services Program for Children and Their Families. Its fundamental messages are:
? Every child’s mental health is important.
? Many children have mental health problems.
? These problems are real, painful, and can be severe.
? Mental health problems can be recognized and successfully treated.
? By working together, caring families and communities can help.
? Information is available from SAMHSA’s National Mental Health Information Center by calling 1-800-789-2647.
Since the campaign’s inception in 1994, it has evolved into a full-scale social marketing effort. Highlights of campaign activities include:
? Communications Coalition: A Communications coalition of organizations throughout the country was created to increase awareness of the importance of child and adolescent mental health, improve the identification of young people with mental health needs, and increase the number of children and families who receive appropriate services. The coalition is comprised of representatives from a cross-section of organizations who use a variety of vehicles, including member distribution channels, to communicate with various audiences.
? Materials Development: An order form for an extensive collection communications products on the Children’s Campaign is found at
www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/CA-0000/orderform.doc.
This includes brochures, fact sheets, bookmarks, posters, and other materials. They are available in quantities to grantees and others who advocate for children’s mental health at the local level. Spanish-language campaign products include a poster and brochure about children’s mental health and a guide for families written in both Spanish and English. Also, visit SAMHSA’s National Mental Health Information Center, which features many products on Children’s Mental Health, or by visiting the web site at www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov. The toll-free number is 1-800-789-2647.
? Communications Training: Customized communications training sessions are held for grantees to help them develop communications strategies tailored to their own communities. Sessions focus on areas such as audience research, spokesperson training, special events planning, materials and product development, and strategic communications planning. These training events give grantees an opportunity to share successes, problems, and creative solutions for communications efforts at the local level.
? On-site Media Support: Grantees receive assistance with planning local media events to promote awareness of children and their mental health needs. Help is provided with developing media kits, engaging local media, building rapport with reporters, staffing press rooms, shaping messages based on local data, developing talking points, preparing speakers, doing media follow-up, and leveraging local media activity to coincide with national activity.
? Media Outreach: On an ongoing basis, efforts are made to nurture relationships with news reporters who cover children’s mental health issues. In addition, a weekly summary report of print media coverage related to children’s mental health is prepared and distributed, via electronic mail, to inform professionals in the children’s mental health field about breaking news.
Spark Plug for Self-Destructive Behaviors
Parents who have boys with low self-esteem at age 11, and have friends who approve of drug and alcohol use, should be concerned that self-derogation could turn into drug dependency by age 20, according to researchers at Florida State University.
FSU sociology professors John Taylor and Donald Lloyd, along with University of Miami professor emeritus George Warheit, studied data from a multiethnic sample of 872 boys collected over a period of nine years and concluded low self-esteem and peer approval of drug use at age 11 predicts drug dependency at age 20.
“Low self-esteem is kind of the spark plug for self-destructive behaviors, and drug use is one of these,” Taylor said. “It’s a fundamental need to have a good sense of self. Without it, people may become pathologically unhappy with themselves, and that can lead to some very serious problems.” Children with very low self-esteem, what the researchers termed “self-derogation,” were 1.6 times more likely to meet the criteria for drug dependence nine years later than other children.
Accoring to Taylor, the study shows the importance of identifying children with low self-esteem for prevention and early intervention efforts before they reach ages that are associated with initial experimentation with drugs.
“The fact that you can identify a group of people who are at risk for problematic behaviors is very important,” Taylor said.
“If you can intervene on a group of people before they begin drug use or embark on a cycle of addiction, that could have huge health benefits.”
Taylor said a simple questionnaire such as the one the researchers used in their study could help parents and teachers identify at-risk kids.
“If you’re a parent of a young child and you notice that the child has very low self-esteem, that should be a warning signal that this child needs some attention or perhaps professional counseling,” he said.
The boys in the study were asked to rate the truthfulness of statements such as “In general I feel I am a failure” and “I don’t like myself as much as I used to.” They also rated the level of approval their close friends had for people who smoked marijuana or cigarettes, used cocaine or drank alcohol.
Early Drug Use
Some of the study’s finding included:
? By the time the study participants were 20 years old, nearly 64 percent had used drugs, and 10 percent of those drug users had developed a drug dependency.
? The odds of drug dependence among early drug users were 17.6 times greater than among those who had not tried drugs by age 13.
? 37 percent of those who reported using drugs at age 13 later met criteria for drug dependence compared to only 3 percent of those who had not tried drugs by 13.
The researchers did not include female students in this study. Studies show low self-esteem in girls typically manifests itself in depression and eating disorders rather than substance abuse.
Source: The study was published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse. See also the FSU News Release.
Some Risk Factors Same for Both Genders
There are differences in how the risk of parental alcoholism is transmitted from parent to daughter, than from parent to son, and women are affected to a greater degree by parental alcoholism history, according to Research Society on Alcoholism scientists.
Daughters of alcoholics are affected by a parent’s alcoholism in many of the same ways that men are; both are at higher risk for developing alcohol abuse disorders that children of non-alcoholic parents. But there are some differences in how women are influenced, scientists say.
“Clearly there are some common antecedents, such as conduct disorder or symptoms, but there are also predictors unique to each gender,” Aruna Gogineni, assistant professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, said. “There are possible differences in how alcoholic parental risk is transmitted from parent to daughter versus parent to son as well as, for example, a greater effect of parental alcoholism history on women than men.
These are the kinds of findings that call out for many more studies on women in order to determine how the mechanisms of alcoholic parental risk may differ in men and women.”
According to Research Society on Alcoholism proceedings published in the February 2005 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, these are some of the key points of the symposium:
Certain predictors appear to be shared by men and women: a history of externalizing symptoms (such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder) and looking older as an adolescent. Affiliation with a religion that forbids alcohol appears to serve as a protective factor for both genders. Conversely, severe physical punishment was a predictor of several outcomes for women, but not for men.
“It is possible that severe physical punishment may include some instances of sexual abuse of women,” said Gogineni. “It is possible that the punishment itself is not responsible for the increased substance use, rather, the punishment may be a ‘marker’ of very dysfunctional families, and it may be other characteristics of these families that actually increase the risk of later substance involvement.”
Male and female adolescents exhibit different levels of behavioral disinhibition. The underlying genetic and environmental transmission of risk for behavioral disinhibition may be different for the genders during this time; and as adolescents transition to later adolescence and young adulthood, these gender differences may become more pronounced.
“Findings suggest that boys tend to have higher levels of acting-out behaviors ? like bad peer affiliations, delinquent behaviors, etc. ? than girls,” said Gogineni. “However, the underlying influences on parental transmission of alcoholism may be different for some behaviors. Adoption research results suggest that genetic factors are relatively more influential in the relationship between parental alcoholism and offsprings’ acting-out problems than environmental factors.
“But for some behaviors, there seems to be a somewhat stronger effect of alcoholic parental environment on girls relative to boys.”
In general, behavioral undercontrol appears to be the strongest mediator of family history of alcoholism for both genders. However, both negative affectivity and, in particular, childhood stressors, may be stronger correlates of alcohol-use disorders among women.
“The risk of developing alcohol-use disorders is particularly high among young adults with a history of behavior characterized by rule breaking and disregard for authority,” said Gogineni. “For women, there is additional risk conferred by a personality that is neurotic, anxious, and avoidant of harm, as well as a history of psychological, physical, or sexual abuse prior to age 18. These women may be using alcohol to ’self-medicate’ their distress.”
Daughters with a positive history of parental alcoholism appear to have an increased risk of lifetime symptoms of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related negative consequences compared to daughters without a positive family history of alcoholism. However, no differences in daughters’ alcohol involvement were observed with respect to maternal versus paternal alcoholism.
“The data suggest that, despite lower rates of alcohol use disorders among women, a history of alcoholism in the father connotes greater risk for the development of an alcohol use disorder among daughters of alcoholics than among sons of alcoholics,” said Gogineni. “This risk was explored from ages 18 through to 28, and it was found that the stronger risk for women was present throughout this period.”
Source: Proceedings from the symposium were published in the February 2005 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.
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